PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION
H.S. CODE
TOXICITY
CLASSIFICATION
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES (9 mol)
MELTING POINT
SOLUBILITY IN WATER
VISCOSITY (CPA)
REFRACTIVE INDEX
APPLICATIONS
The first chemical contrast of thiols and sulfides with alcohols and ethers is acidity which is important in organic reactions. Thiols are stronger acids than relevant alcohols and phenols. Thiolate conjugate bases are easily formed, and are excellent nucleophiles in SN2 reactions of alkyl halides and tosylates. The nucleophilicity of sulfur is much greater than that of oxygen, resulting in a number of useful electrophilic substitution reaction that are rare by oxygen. For example, sulfides form (with alkyl halides) ternary sulfonium salts, in the same alkylattion of tert-amines quaternary ammonium salts, whereas ternary oxonium salts are prepared only under extream conditions. Without exception, sulfoxides, sulfinate salts and sulfite anion also alkylate on sulfur, despite of the partial negative formal charge on oxygen and partial positive charge on sulfur. The second character is the oxidation states of sulfur. Oxygen has only two oxidation states, whereas sulfur covers from –2 to +6 as follows:
- -2: Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), sulfides, sulfonium ions
- -1: disulfides
- 0: S elemental, sulfoxides, sulfenic acids
- +2: sulfones, sulfinic acids
- +4: sulfonic acids, sulfite esters
- +6: sulfate esters
One more sulfur compound's contrast with oxygen analog is in oxidation chemistry. Oxidation of sulfur compounds changes the oxidation state of sulfur rather than carbon, whereas, oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones changes the oxidation state of carbon not oxygen. Thiols is oxidized to S-S single bond (disufide) which is stronger than O–O bond in peroxide. Disufide forms sulfenyl chlorides (with chlorine in mild condition) or sulfonic acids under harder condition. Oxidation of sulfides with hydrogen peroxide (or peracids) yields sulfoxides and then to sulfones. A certain sulfoxide compound such as dimethyl sulfoxide can be used as an effective oxygen source in the oxidation reaction of primary and secondary alcohols to aldehydes and ketones. DMSO easily is reduced to dimethyl sulfide and water is taken up by the electrophile. oxidation procedure is very mild and tolerates a variety of other functional groups, including those having oxidizable nitrogen and sulfur atoms.
Sulfinic acid is an organic compound containing -SO2H group which is bonded to a carbon atom. Toluenesulfonate esters are useful for the application as alkylating agents in organic synthesis. p-Toluenesulfonic acid is used as a non-oxidizing catalyst in the manufacture of plasticizers It is used as a curing agent for epoxy-phenolic resins. Toluene sulfonic acids are used in preparing hydrazine based blowing agents such as p-Toluenesulfonylhydrazide, p,p'-Oxybis(benzenesulfonylhydrazide), p-Toluenesulfonyl acetone hydrazone. Toluene sulfonic acids and their derivatives are used as intermediates for the synthesis of isocyanate compounds used as water scavengers and catalysts for the production of thermosetting resins. They are synthetic intermediates for a number of biologically active compounds, pharmaceuticals, herbicides, dyes and pigments candidates. p-Toluene sulfonic acid is often used as a catalyst in the formation of acetal which water must be removed from the reaction mixture to escape reversible reaction. Water is removed azeotropically by distilation. (Toluene is the solvent). Sodium p-toluenesulfinate is used as a discharge medium of dyes and pigments. Other applications include as a chemical intermediate for the production of synthetic drugs, dyestuffs, fluorescent pigments and fabric adhesive. It is used as an electroplating brightening agent and a curing agent.APPEARANCE
white to off-white crystalline powder
PURITY
98.0% min
WATER
2.0% max
SULFATES
1.0% max
